Bench Tools.

Molarity

Calculate the molar concentration of a solution based on mass, molar mass, and volume.

C = n / V

Dilution

Determine the required volume of a stock solution to achieve a desired concentration.

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

Percent Yield

Calculate reaction efficiency by comparing actual yield to theoretical yield.

% = (A / T) × 100

Ideal Gas Law

Solve for pressure, volume, temperature, or moles of an ideal gas.

PV = nRT

Buffer pH

Estimate the pH of a buffer solution using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

Half-Life (1st Order)

Calculate remaining quantity, half-life, or elapsed time for radioactive decay or 1st order kinetics.

N(t) = N₀(1/2)^(t/t½)

Titration

Determine the unknown concentration of an analyte based on titrant volume and stoichiometry.

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂ (1:1)

Molecular Weight

Calculate the molar mass (g/mol) of common compounds.

Σ(Atomic Mass × n)

Density & Specific Gravity

Convert between mass, volume, and density for liquid reagents.

ρ = m / V

Empirical Formula

Determine the simplest integer ratio of elements based on percent composition data.

% → mass → mol → ratio